"[5] The White Lotus Rebellion 1796-1804 In the densely forested border area between the provinces Hubei, Sichuan and Shaanxi, a lot of homeless peasant refugees(liumin, see also shed people) had gathered to escape the grip of landowners, creditors and tax collectors. [1] A smaller precursor to the main rebellion broke out in 1774, under the leadership of the martial-arts and herbal-healing expert Wang Lun in Shandong province of northern China. White Lotus Rebellion, Chinese anti-Manchu uprising that occurred during the Ch'ing dynasty. "The Fall of China's Qing Dynasty in 19111912." After the strnggle had lasted six years, Lin Chi-hich was captunredd. [13], Forty-eight years later, Zeng Guofan, leader of Hunan-based Xiang Army studied the Qing government's methods during the White Lotus Rebellion and he was inspired by them while he was considering ways to suppress the Taiping Rebellion. The White Lotus War: Rebellion and Suppression in Late Imperial China One of the tools they used to stay in power was a very strict restriction on trade. The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (1127-1279). Only after 1800 did the Qing government adopt new tactics that established local militias (tuan) to help surround and destroy the White Lotus. The group later reemerged in the late 18th century in the form of an inspired Chinese movement. [6], A systematic program of pacification followed in which the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militia. A similar movement arose in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces in central China as tax protests. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/event/White-Lotus-Rebellion, Ancient Origins - The White Lotus Society and the Demise of Mongol Rule in China, GlobalSecurity.org - White Lotus Rebellion 1796-1804. The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . After more than 2,000 years, though, Chinese imperial power under the last Chinese dynasty was about to collapse for good. It took almost ten years and huge financial waste to defeat the badly equipped White Lotus Rebellion (1795-1804), partly by legitimizing militias led by local Hn Chinese elites. "The Fall of China's Qing Dynasty in 19111912." Tibet has been an independent country throughout the historical period and since time immemorial according to Tibetans' own myth-based sense of, Xinjiang (shnjyng) or Sinkiang (shnjyng, snkyng) [Chinese,=new frontier], officially Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (Mandarin Xinjiang U, For more information on Chinese history and culture, seeVol. They are not like some external tribe . It broke out (1796) among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan prov. Szczepanski, Kallie. Corrections? It took nine years of warfare and great loss. White Lotus Rebellion | Military Wiki | Fandom The Qings were from Manchuria, and they established their dynasty as a conquering force of the Ming dynasty by non-Chinese outsiders, maintaining that identity and organization throughout their 268-year reign. 5 recommendations for White Lotus Dental from neighbors in Frisco, TX. What should be done with these revolutionary cultists? [2][3], The White Lotus Rebellion was initiated as an antitax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. [1] As White Lotus sects developed, they appealed to many Han Chinese who found solace in the worship of Wusheng Laomu . He did not distribute captured wealth or food supplies, nor did he promise to lessen the tax burden. Qing control weakened and prosperity diminished by the 19th century. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. How did the Rebellion impact the Qing dynasty? In 1805, the imperial authorities suppressed the White Lotus Rebellion by instituting a combination of military and social policies. A decree by the Daoguang Emperor admitted, "it was extortion by local officials that goaded the people into rebellion" By threatening the arrest of people who engaged in sectarian activities, local officials and police extorted money from people. 3: China and Her National Minorities; Han. White Lotus sectarianism appealed to other Chinese, most notably to women and to the poor, who found solace in worship of the Eternal Mother, who was to gather all her children at the millennium into one family. Encyclopedia.com. White Lotus Rebellion | Infoplease - Fact Monster While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. ", in, Zhang Shucai (1992). Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Here, the White Lotus led impoverished settlers into rebellion, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. Eventually, the Qing armies and the peasants united, but they were unable to defeat the foreign powers. Forty-eight years later, Zeng Guofan, leader of Hunan-based Xiang Army studied the Qing government's methods during the White Lotus Rebellion and he was inspired by them while he was considering ways to suppress the Taiping Rebellion. Since then, this book has become an invaluable source because it has enabled scholars to understand the beliefs of these groups. By 1804 the area was again placed under imperial control by the local militia. At the same time, technologies for treating contagious diseases such as smallpox, and the extensive use of fertilizers and irrigation techniques were also imported from the West. . And so the war was waged. 7 Population Milestones for 7 Billion People | Live Science 10 New Religions That Were Mercilessly Crushed - Listverse Since then, this book has become an invaluable source because it has enabled scholars to understand the beliefs of these groups. The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. [2][3]. In 1805, the imperial authorities suppressed the White Lotus Rebellion by instituting a combination of military and social policies. The White Lotus Rebellion was initiated as an antitax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. A systematic program of pacification followed in which the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militia. When they congregate and oppose the government, they are rebels; when they disperse and depart, they are civilians once more. List of rebellions in China | Military Wiki | Fandom Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan (including modern Sichuan and Chongqing). One such official was Huang Yupian (), who refuted the ideas which were found in the scriptures which expressed orthodox Confucian and Buddhist views in A Detailed Refutation of Heresy ( Pxi Xingbin), which was written in 1838. The experience of suppressing the rebellion led to improvement in the organization and training of the militia, as many of their leaders wrote extensively on mobilization, enlistment and local defense methods. The young pretender, Wang Fa-sheng, was never any other than a puppet in the hands of the leaders. White Lotus Rebellion, (17961804), large-scale uprising in the mountainous regions of central China that contributed to the decline of the Qing dynasty (16441911/12). Snow Lotus | Frisco TX - Facebook The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the Jin dynasty founded by Huiyuan in Mountain Lu, Jiujiang. Wang Lun likely failed because he did not make any attempts to raise wide public support. Rapid and often reckless development of the Shensi uplands, however, often led to soil erosion, rapid loss of fertility, and declining crop output. - rebellion began in 1794; rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China, - the ill-organized rebels managed to defeat the inadequate and inefficient Qing imperial forces, - was initiated as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. During the Qing dynasty, inventions continued to emerge despite the turbulent uprisings and conflicts such as the White Lotus Rebellion, the First Opium War, and the Taiping Rebellion. The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries.[6]. Unable to build up a support base, he was forced to quickly flee all three cities that he attacked in order to evade government troops. Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan (including modern Sichuan and Chongqing). White Lotus Rebellion, Chinese anti-Manchu uprising that occurred during the Ch'ing dynasty. White Lotus Rebellion Flashcards | Quizlet Completely unprepared for such an onslaught, the Qing dynasty lost, and Britain imposed unequal treaties and took control of the Hong Kong region, along with millions of pounds of silver to compensate the British for the lost opium. Szczepanski, Kallie. A major contribution to the downfall of the last dynasty were external forces, in the form of new Western technologies, as well as a gross miscalculation on the part of the Qing as to the strength of European and Asian imperialistic ambitions. The Fall of China's Qing Dynasty in 19111912. The crippled Qing dynasty clung to power for another decade, behind the walls of the Forbidden City, but the Wuchang Uprising of 1911 put the final nail in the coffin when 18 provinces voted to secede from the Qing dynasty. The ethnic Manchu rulers of China's Qing dynasty reigned over the Middle Kingdom beginning in 1644 CE, when they defeated the last of the Ming, up until 1912. Since the 1340s, the Mongol Yuan Dynasty was experiencing problems. ThoughtCo, Aug. 27, 2020, thoughtco.com/fall-of-the-qing-dynasty-195608. dreamhomesoftexas on Instagram: POV: Your Brand New Ultra-Luxury Build A CHOICE OUTSTANDING ACADEMIC TITLE The White Lotus War (1796-1804) in central China marked the end of the Qing dynasty's golden age and the fatal weakening of the imperial system itself. Unable to build up a support base, he was forced to quickly flee all three cities that he attacked in order to evade government troops. Rather, it consisted of uncoordinated roving bands using hit-and-run guerrilla tactics. [9], A systematic program of pacification followed: the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militias. The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the 14th century under Mongol rule. By 1387, after more than thirty years of war, their leader, Zhu Yuanzhang had liberated all of China. It broke out (1796) among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan prov. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). (February 22, 2023). The White Lotus Rebellion White Lotus (Pai-lien chiao) sectarianism appealed to Chinese, most notably to women and to the poor, who found solace in worship of the Eternal Mother who was to gather all her children at the millennium into one family. As you might expect, the collapse of China's Qing dynasty was a long and complex process. In China, the Qing Dynasty had just put down the White Lotus Rebellion, a tax protest that ultimately killed about 16 million people a reminder that mass death and population growth don't . https://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/white-lotus-rebellion, "White Lotus Rebellion . By 1387, after more than 30 years of war, their leader, Zhu Yuanzhang conquered the North China Plain and occupied the Yuan capital Khanbaliq (present-day Beijing). Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan (including modern Sichuan and Chongqing). By 1900, foreign powers including Britain, France, Germany, Russia, and Japan had established "spheres of influence" along China's coastal areas. [8] The leader, herbalist and martial artist Wang Lun, led an uprising that captured three small cities and laid siege to the larger city of Linqing, a strategic location on the north-south Grand Canal transportation route. In 1794, a similar movement arose in the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces in central China, initially as a tax protest. The Qing had forbidden agriculture in the northern regions, which were left to the Mongol pastoralists, but the introduction of new world crops such as potato and maize opened the northern region plains farming. Szczepanski, Kallie. The leader, herbalist and martial artist Wang Lun, led an uprising that captured three small cities and laid siege to the larger city of Linqing, a strategic location on the north-south Grand Canal transportation route. When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. If mathematical, chemical, physical and other formulas are not displayed correctly on this page, please useFirefox or Safari, For the 14th-century rebellion also related to the White Lotus, see, Conscientious objection to military taxation, List of historical acts of tax resistance, National War Tax Resistance Coordinating Committee, The Cold War and the Income Tax: A Protest, Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty, Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet, Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory, Banknotes of the Ta-Ching Government Bank, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Encyclopedia.com. Though he passed through an area inhabited by almost a million peasants, his army never measured more than 4,000 soldiers, many of whom had been forced into service. "Civilians Go into Battle: Hired Militias in the White Lotus War, 1796-1805. The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. The White Lotus bands mainly used guerrilla tactics, and once they disbanded were virtually indistinguishable from the local population. Eventually, the rebellion was crushed by the Qing elites; but the White Lotus organization remained secret and intact, and advocated for the overthrow of the Qing dynasty. The White Lotus War (1796-1804) in central China marked the end of the Qing dynasty's golden age and the fatal weakening of the imperial system itself. What started as a local rebellion grew into a serious political crisis, as the central government was no longer able to operate its military machine. Find your perfect car with Edmunds expert reviews, car comparisons, and pricing tools. "White Lotus Rebellion Japan stripped away Taiwan, took effective control of Korea (formerly a Chinese tributary) following the First Sino-Japanese War of 189596, and also imposed unequal trade demands in the 1895 Treaty of Shimonoseki. The Qianlong Emperor (r. 173596) sent Helin (, brother of Heshen) and Fuk'anggan to quell the uprising. An independent military force, the militia proved difficult to disband, and frequently it turned against the dynasty in the early 20th century. The White Lotus Rebellion was initiated as an antitax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. The rebellion was started by some elements of the millenarian Tianli Sect () or Heavenly Principle Sect, which was a branch of the White Lotus Sect. As one Qing official complained:[9]. ", Dai, Yingcong. The rebellion was ended by the deaths of some 100,000 rebels. The balance of power had tipped decidedly away from the imperial court and toward the foreign powers. It broke out in 1794, and was at full height in 1796, among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. Chien-lung The White lotus (Bailian Jiao, ) was a Buddhist political and religious movement that believed in a universal female divinity, the "Unborn Old Mother" who would gather all of her children towards the end of the millennium, into one large family. Exploring Chinese History :: Politics :: Rebellion and Revolution READ: Economic and Material Causes of Revolt - Khan Academy Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. A decree from the Emperor Daoguang admitted, "it was extortion by local officials that goaded the people into rebellion" Using the arrest of sectarian members as a threat, local officials and police extorted money from people. The White Lotus led impoverished settlers into rebellion, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. Althongh there were several risings against the Manchu dynasty during the first four reigns, the White Lotus Society kept quiet until about 1761, when the Emperor Kien-lung issued an edict against it and the Ming Tsuen or Illustrious Worthies and the Pah Yun or White Cloud sects. The White Lotus continued to be active, and it might have influenced the next major domestic rebellion, the Eight Trigrams Uprising of 1813. This book has since become an invaluable source in understanding the beliefs of these groups. (2020, August 27). - systematic program of pacification followed, Causes and effects of internal challenges; Wh, taiping (Taip'ing) rebellion: reasons for the, taping rebellionconsequences for Chinese soc, tongzhi restoration and self-strengthening mo, collectivisation (maintenance of power, stali, John Lund, Paul S. Vickery, P. Scott Corbett, Todd Pfannestiel, Volker Janssen, Eric Hinderaker, James A. Henretta, Rebecca Edwards, Robert O. Self. Civil conflicts including the White Lotus Rebellion (1774-1805), Xinjiang wars (1820s and 1860s) and Taiping Civil War (1850-64) broke out across Qing China. When the Manchu tribes of Manchuria (now Northeast China) conquered China some 500 years later in the 17th century and proclaimed the Qing dynasty, the White Lotus members dedicated themselves to the overthrow of the alien Manchu and to the return of the previous Ming dynasty (13681644). Other White Lotus spinoffs include the Eight Trigrams, the Tiger Whips, and the Yihequan (Boxers). Chien-lung | Encyclopedia.com Soon the new migrants began to outnumber the indigenous people, and conflict over local leadership grew and grew strong. The Qianlong Emperor (r. 173596) sent Helin (, brother of Heshen) and Fuk'anggan to quell the uprising. Actual participation in sect activities had no impact on an arrest; whether or not monetary demands were met, however, did. The White Lotus Rebellion - Home List of battleships of the United States Navy, Articles containing Chinese-language text, Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia, http://www.scribd.com/doc/37359117/Bodycount-Final, http://books.google.com/books?id=Md801mHEeOkC&pg=PA9, History of Chinese Culture on History.com. Kublai Khan In the closing years of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty, they organized resistance to the foreign overlords, and now they are doing so again, but against the reigning Ming Dynasty! Many partisans joined and the society grew rapidly until 1794, when it broke out into the rebellion that subsequently spread over Hupeh and Western China under Liu Cbi-hieh and cast a gloom over the close of the long and brilliant reign of Kien-lung. Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the 14th century under the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty.

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